Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) can lead to both upper and lower respiratory infections in individuals of all ages, with higher risks for young children, older adults, and those with weakened immune systems.

First identified in 2001, HMPV belongs to the Pneumoviridae family, which also includes respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).

The increased use of molecular diagnostic testing has enhanced the recognition of HMPV as a significant cause of respiratory illness.

Symptoms

Common symptoms of HMPV infection include cough, fever, nasal congestion, and shortness of breath, which can range from mild to severe. As the infection progresses, it may lead to more serious respiratory conditions such as bronchitis or pneumonia, particularly in vulnerable populations.

The clinical presentation of HMPV closely resembles that of other respiratory viruses, making it difficult to distinguish based solely on symptoms. In some cases, individuals may experience wheezing or difficulty breathing, especially in young children or the elderly.

The estimated incubation period for HMPV is typically between 3 to 6 days, meaning symptoms often develop within this timeframe after exposure to the virus. The illness can last anywhere from a few days to several weeks, depending on the severity of the infection and the individual's overall health.

While most people recover within a similar time-frame to other respiratory viral infections, those with underlying health conditions or weakened immune systems may experience prolonged or more severe illness. Prompt medical attention may be required if symptoms worsen, particularly if breathing difficulties or signs of pneumonia develop.

How It Spreads?

HMPV primarily spreads from an infected person to others through:

1. Respiratory droplets from coughing and sneezing.

2. Close personal contact, such as shaking hands or touching.

3. Contact with contaminated objects or surfaces, followed by touching the mouth, nose, or eyes.

In the United States, HMPV typically circulates during specific seasons, starting in the winter and continuing into or through the spring.

Prevention

Patients can reduce the spread of HMPV and other respiratory viruses by following these simple steps:

- Wash hands frequently with soap and water for at least 20 seconds (refer to CDC’s Clean Hands Save Lives!).

- Avoid touching the eyes, nose, or mouth with unwashed hands.

- Steer clear of close contact with individuals who are ill.

For patients exhibiting cold-like symptoms, it's important to:

- Cover the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing.

- Wash hands regularly and thoroughly (using soap and water for at least 20 seconds).

- Refrain from sharing cups, eating utensils, or personal items.

- Avoid kissing others.

- Stay home when feeling unwell.

Additionally, regularly cleaning potentially contaminated surfaces, such as doorknobs and shared toys, may help prevent the spread of HMPV!